and high-energy neutrino emission from GRBs has been expected in
various scenarios. Many predictions for prompt and afterglow emission were done in the pre-Swift era. Recently, Swift has shown several novel phenomena, which allows us to expect new possibilities for cosmic-ray acceleration and associated secondary particle emission. I will discuss cosmic-ray acceleration and neutrino emission in various scenarios of GRBs, motivated by recent observations and theoretical developments. The possible connection between ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and GRBs will also be discussed.