Events on Thursday, November 9th, 2023
- Graduate Program Event
- Generation and detection of axions using four-wave mixing in optical fibers
- Time: 9:00 am - 11:00 am
- Place: 5280 Chamberlin
- Speaker: Shay Inbar, Department of Physics Graduate Student
- Abstract: The axion is a hypothetical particle originally postulated to solve the strong CP problem in particle physics. It is also a promising candidate to be dark matter, which had been a long-standing problem in physics and cosmology: the evidence for its existence is abundant, yet no direct measurement has confirmed it as of yet, and its nature is unknown. The speculated role of the axion in both these puzzles had motivated experimental searches for it. We propose an experimental scheme for the generation and detection of axions using four-wave mixing in optical fibers. Advantages of this scheme are the large interaction length inside the optical fibers, and our control of the operating lasers, which allows for the scanning of a range of axion masses.
- R. G. Herb Condensed Matter Seminar
- Scaling Deep Learning for Materials Discovery
- Time: 10:00 am - 6:00 pm
- Place: 5310 Chamberlin
- Speaker: Ekin Dogus Cubuk, Google Brain
- Abstract: Despite the recent advances in physical simulations and machine learning, the exploration of novel inorganic crystals remains constrained by the expensive trial-and-error approaches. Recent developments in deep learning have shown that models can showcase emergent predictive capabilities with increasing data and computation in fields such as language, vision, and biology. In this talk, I will present our recent results on how graph networks trained at scale can reach unprecedented levels of generalization, improving the efficiency of materials discovery by an order of magnitude. Building on the 48,000 stable crystals identified in ongoing studies, improved efficiency enables the discovery of 2.2 million stable structures with respect to the current convex hull, many of which had escaped prior human chemical intuition. The scale and diversity unlock surprising modeling capabilities for downstream applications, leading in particular to highly accurate and robust learned interatomic potentials that can be used in condensed-phase molecular dynamics simulations and high-fidelity zero-shot predictions.
- Host: Uwe Bergmann
- Graduate Program Event
- Preliminary Exam
- Extracting Contributions to Qubit Loss from Superconducting Microwave Resonators
- Time: 10:30 am - 12:00 pm
- Place: 2104 Chamberlin
- Speaker: Shravan Patel, Department of Physics Graduate Student
- Abstract: Superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators play a critical role in information storage and qubit state measurement in superconducting quantum information processing. At the same time, these resonators are a versatile testbed for characterizing the various contributions to qubit loss. Ideally, the internal quality factors Qi of these resonators should reach ten million or higher, limited only by the loss tangent of the silicon or sapphire substrate. However, in real devices, Qi is limited by the presence of various loss channels, including two-level state (TLS) defects at amorphous interfaces, trapped magnetic flux vortices, and nonequilibrium quasiparticles. In this work, we measure Qi as a function of photon occupation in Al and Nb thin-film microwave resonators with different center conductor and gap widths. This allows us to extract the contribution to loss from interfacial TLS defects. We have also implemented novel resonator designs, including tapered resonators to study the relative contributions to loss from TLS and quasiparticles. We have characterized devices fabricated on different substrates, used several methods to deposit the Al and Nb films, and explored surface cleaning techniques to remove the native silicon oxide immediately prior to cooling the resonators.
- NPAC (Nuclear/Particle/Astro/Cosmo) Forum
- Measurement of the ttH and tH Production Rates in theH to bb Decay Channel at CMS
- Time: 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
- Place: 5310 CH
- Speaker: Abhisek Datta, UCLA
- Abstract: Associated production of the Higgs boson with a top quark-antiquark pair (𝑡𝑡̅𝐻) provides the best direct probe of the top-Higgs Yukawa coupling at tree-level. Measurement of this coupling is important not only to confirm the predictions made by the Standard Model but also to search for indications of new physics. In this talk, I will present an analysis of 𝑡𝑡̅𝐻 production with the Higgs boson decaying to a 𝑏𝑏̅ pair which has the largest branching fraction. Latest results obtained using pp collision data at the CERN LHC recorded by the CMS experiment at √𝑠 = 13 TeV between 2016 and 2018 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 𝑓𝑏−1 will be shown. One particularly challenging background limiting the precision of this measurement arises from direct 𝑡𝑡̅+𝑏𝑏̅ production. Measurements of both the overall 𝑡𝑡̅𝐻 production rate and in intervals of Higgs boson transverse momentum are performed. Limits are also set on the production rate of a Higgs boson with a single top quark (𝑡𝐻) and on the strength and structure of the top-Higgs coupling from simultaneous measurements of 𝑡𝑡̅𝐻 and 𝑡𝐻 production rates. In order to improve the precision of these measurements in the future, the LHC in the High Luminosity era will be upgraded to deliver instantaneous luminosities much higher than the original design value. ME0 is a new muon sub-detector (using Gas Electron Multiplier technology) that will be added in the far-forward region (2.0<|𝜂|<2.8) of CMS as part of the Phase-2 Upgrade. I will discuss the development of the readout electronics for the ME0 detector, which must be designed to deal with high data rates and be sufficiently radiation hard to operate so close to the beamline.
- Host: Kevin Black
- NPAC (Nuclear/Particle/Astro/Cosmo) Forum
- Exploring New Physics with Background Radiation Fields
- Time: 2:30 pm - 3:30 pm
- Place: 5310 Chamberlin or
- Speaker: Justin Finke, Naval Research Labs
- Abstract: I will explore the following topics: (1) I will discuss modeling the ultraviolet through infrared Extragalactic Background Light (EBL), which is the background light from all of the stars and dust that have existed in the observable universe. This radiation field can absorb gamma-rays to produce electron-positron pairs, and can thus be probed with gamma-ray observations, as well as optical and infrared surveys. I will discuss what we can learn about star formation and other physics from it. (2) I will discuss the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever observed, GRB 221009A. Fewer very-high energy (VHE) gamma-rays from this GRB are absorbed by the EBL than models predict, which may be an indication of new physics. I will discuss how VHE observations of this GRB can be explained by Lorentz invariance violation (LIV). Lorentz invariance is one of the fundamental symmetries of relativity, and its violation is consistent with some beyond Standard Model theories. (3) Astrophysical gamma-rays can also be absorbed by a much closer source of optical photons than the EBL, namely, by photons from the Sun. I will discuss how observations of absorption of astrophysical gamma-rays by solar photons could be used to probe LIV.
- Host: Abhishek Desai
- Astronomy Colloquium
- Using polluted white dwarf stars to learn about exoplanetary systems now, and in the future
- Time: 3:30 pm - 4:30 pm
- Place: 4421 Sterling Hall
- Speaker: Amy Steele, Yerkes Observatory
- Abstract: There is evidence that most stars have circumstellar material that originates from the asteroids and comets of their planetary systems. What are the compositions of these small rocky objects around other stars? One way to answer this question is to use the ~30% of white dwarf stars that have unexpected heavy elements polluting their photospheres. This pollution of the normally pristine white dwarf sometimes arises from the accretion of small planetary system objects (planetesimals) that end up within the white dwarf’s tidal radius or Roche limit. These planetesimals sublimate---forming a gas disk---and accrete onto the white dwarf surface, revealing themselves through emission and absorption features from constituent elements. In this talk, I give a broad overview of polluted white dwarfs and describe what we have learned from them thus far. I also highlight my database of models created with the radiative transfer code, CLOUDY, for these types of systems. These models provide a key to quickly understand the instantaneous composition and other properties of the material flowing from these (exo)planetesimals, and will eventually make this type of modeling more accessible in the future.
- Host: Ke Zhang